<p>The Holy Trinity Church Complex is an historic church complex on 134 Fuller Avenue in Central Falls, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church was a red brick structure built in 1889 to a design by James Murphy in a Gothic Revival style. The campus also includes other Murphy designs, including a rectory (1893), convent (1905), and school (1905), and a parish house designed by Irving Gorman and built in 1925. The complex was built by the Roman Catholic Church within the Diocese of Providence to serve the area&#39;s growing Irish immigrant community.</p><br>
<p>The complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The church has since been demolished, and its location is now occupied by Veterans Memorial Elementary School. The parish house still stands at 325 Cowden Street as the Segue Institute for Learning.</p><br>
<p>The Island Place Historic District is a historic district at Island Place and South Main Street at Market Square in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The district includes six historic buildings, three of which are part of the Woonsocket Rubber Company Mill, dating from c. 1857 to c. 1919. The other buildings in the district are the Island Machine Company , the Barnai Worsted Company Dyeworks , and a wood-frame structure , that is the last surviving elements of the Wilkins Manufacturing Company. The district is bounded by Market Square, Bernon Street, and a bend in the Blackstone River. The site is now home to the Museum of Work & Culture, a project of the Rhode Island Historical Society.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990; the Woonsocket Rubbert Company property was also listed separately in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Elliott Coues House is a historic house at 1726 N Street NW, in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built about 1880, it was the home of 19th-century historian and ornithologist Elliott Coues  from about 1887 until his death. Coues helped found the American Ornithologists&#39; Union in 1883 and edited about 15 volumes of journals, memoirs, and diaries by famous Western explorers and fur traders. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Elliott Coues House is located in Washingtons Dupont Circle neighborhood, on the south side of N Street, west of Scott Circle between 17th and 18th Streets. It is the left one of two similar painted brick row houses, which were probably built around 1880. Coues house is the simpler of the two; it is 3-1/2 stories in height with a dormered gable roof and a tall basement. Its facade is three bays wide, the left two taken up by a projecting rectangular bay. The entrance is in the right bay of the basement level, framed by pilasters and entablature that rise to also enclose the first-floor window. The building is not architecturally distinguished.</p><br>
<p>Elliott Coues moved into this house in about 1887, and it remained his principal residence for the rest of his life. A native of New Hampshire, Coues served in the United States Army from 1862 until 1881, pursuing a scientific interest in birds as an avocation. From 1873 to 1876 he served in the Pacific Northwest as a surveyor and naturalist for the USA Northern Boundary Commission, and in 1880 he became secretary and naturalist for the predecessor to the United States Geological Survey. In the latter role he edited and published a great deal of material documenting the days of the "Old West". In 1883 he helped found the American Ornithologists&#39; Union, also holding a chair in the anatomy department at Columbia University.</p><br>
<p>Jenks Park is a city park of Central Falls, Rhode Island. The citys only large park, its development began in 1890 on land donated by Alvin Jenks. Its centerpiece is Cogswell Tower, designed by Pawtucket architect Albert H. Humes and built in 1904. A gift of Caroline Cogswell, the tower stands 18 ft square and 70 ft tall. It has been the symbol of the City of Central Falls since its construction. The tower is supported by a brick barrel vault resting atop the historic Dexters Ledge, from which, during King Philips War in 1676, Native American scouts saw the approach of Captain Michael Pierce, and a company of Plymouth soldiers from the heights. Pierces forces were ambushed and nearly annihilated by the Native Americans in "Pierce&#39;s Fight" at a site along the Blackstone River on March 26, 1676, where Pierce Park now stands.</p><br>
<p>The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Luke Jillson House, also known as the Fisk House, is an historic house at 2510 Mendon Road in Cumberland, Rhode Island. The wood frame house is an excellent local example of Georgian style. Although a common date given for its construction is 1752, it was more likely built c. 1776 or in 1792, based on stylistic evidence.</p><br>
<p>The house is two and one-half stories tall with a flank gable roof and two interior brick chimneys, reflecting a central hall plan. The entrance, centered in a five-bay facade, has fluted pilasters supporting a cushion frieze surmounted by a modillion-trimmed cornice and pediment. A four-story, square, Italianate tower, constructed in the 19th century and connecting to a long, one-story addition, is attached to the rear elevation.</p><br>
<p>The dwelling is noted primarily for its architecture, which attests to the reputed affluence and prominence of Luke Jillson, about whom little is known. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Knightsville Meetinghouse  is a historic church and meeting hall building at 67 Phenix Avenue within the village of Knightsville in Cranston, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was built in 1807 for the Benevolent Baptist Society. Town meetings were held in the building in the nineteenth century. Various Christian denominations also met in the building until 1864 when the Knightsville Mission Sabbath School, a large Sunday school began meeting in the building and desired to begin a formal church. A church was officially organized in the building in 1878 as a branch of the Union Congregational Church of Providence. The Providence and Knightsville churches remained affiliated until 1928 when the Knightsville branch broke off after Union merged with Plymouth. In 1967 Knightsville merged with the smaller Franklin Congregational Church. The Kinghtsville Meeting House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The congregation was affiliated with the United Church of Christ, but in 2006 the handful of remaining members voted to leave the United Church of Christ and join the National Association of Congregational Christian Churches. After several decades declining funding and dwindling membership, the church closed in October 2009.</p><br>
<p>The L&#39;Eglise du Precieux Sang  is a historic Roman Catholic church complex at 94 Carrington Avenue and 61 Park Avenue in Woonsocket, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The church, a High Victorian Gothic polychrome (but predominantly red) brick structure, was designed by Worcester, Massachusetts architects E. Boyden & Son. Construction began in 1873, and halted in 1875. It was quickly resumed under a new pastor, but much of the building was destroyed in a severe 1876 storm. Rebuilding began soon after, and the building was finally dedicated in 1881. A rectory was built along with the church as well. Originally a Second Empire style wooden building, it was remodeled in brick to designs by local architect Walter F. Fontaine in 1917.</p><br>
<p>The church tower was originally only completed up to the third stage, and it remained so until around 1910, when it was completed to designs by Fontaine.</p><br>
<p>In 1894–95, a convent and school, the Jesus-Marie Convent and Academy, was built at the corner of Park and Carrington. The architect is unknown, but the building is similar to other late designs by Boyden. The school was tripled in size in 1911. In 1927, a large chapel addition was built onto the convent, designed by Fontaine. At the same time, he designed a high school for the church on Greene Street. The site is now a parking lot. The complex had since been sold, and is now a senior housing development called Chateau Clare.</p><br>
<p>The church complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Aram J. Pothier, Governor of Rhode Island</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Gompers House is a historic house at 2122 1st Street NW, in the Bloomingdale neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built around the turn of the 20th century, it was from 1902 until 1917 home to Samuel Gompers , who was founder and president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 until his death. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Samuel Gompers House is one of a series of row houses on the west side of 1st Street NW between V and W Streets in the Bloomingdale neighborhood in Northwest Washington. It is a narrow brick building, three stories in height and two bays wide. The left bay has a projecting hexagonal bay, which rises the full height to a polygonal roof capped by a finial. The entrance, in the right bay, is approached by stone steps with a low stone railing, and is topped by a carved stone lintel. The building is not otherwise of architectural interest. Its construction date is unknown; it is stylistically typical of row houses built in Washington during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The house was from 1902 until 1917 home to Samuel Gompers. Gompers, a native of England, came to the United States as a young man and worked as a cigar maker. He organized a union of cigar makers that became one of the most powerful of the early 1870s. He was involved with other union leaders in laying the foundations for the American Federation of Labor (AFL), whose first president he became in 1886. His house, in addition to being his home, was often the scene of meetings related to the organization, which was in the first quarter of the 20th century the nation&#39;s most influential labor organizations. Gompers vigorously pursued its three goals of higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions for American workers.</p><br>
<p>The Little Neck Cemetery is a historic cemetery off Read Street in East Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was founded in 1655, when the area was part of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest colonial cemeteries in Rhode Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Famous and historical burials</h2><br>
<p>Little Neck Cemetery is a historical and cultural resource of much importance. It contains the gravestones of people who have played an important part in the history of East Providence and other American societies.</p><br>
<p>The oldest recorded burial is that of John Brown, Jr. (who died 1662), son of the man who purchased Wannamoisett from the Wampanoag Indians. The gravestone of Elizabeth Tilley Howland (died 1667) is also there. Howland was a passenger on the Mayflower ship and was one of the original settlers of the Plymouth Colony. She died at the Swansea farm of her daughter and son-in-law and was buried near there at Little Neck. Today her grave is marked by a finely carved slate marker put up in 1946 by the Howland Family Association.</p><br>
<p>The most renowned person buried at Little Neck, however, is Captain Thomas Willett (died 1674). Willett, son-in-law of John Brown of Wannamoisett, settled in what is currently East Providence in a house that was located on Willett Avenue (now the site of the Willett Arms Apartments). He is noted for serving as the first English mayor of New York. The Willett plot, surrounded by a stone-post and iron rail fence, is now marked by a large boulder put down by the City Club of New York and that also contains the original stones marking the graves of Willett and his wife, Mary, who died in 1669.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District is a historic district in the central business district of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA. It extends along Main Street, between the railroad tracks just northeast of its junction with Clinton Street, and roughly Ascension Street at the southwest. Most of the sixteen buildings in this area were built at the height of Woonsocket&#39;s prosperity, roughly between 1850 and 1930. The district is characterized by brick and masonry buildings generally between two and six stories in height.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It includes two properties previously listed on the National Register: Woonsocket City Hall, and the conjoined Honan&#39;s Block and 112-114 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The Moosup Valley Historic District is a rural, agricultural historic district in western Foster, Rhode Island. The focal center of the area is a small village where Moosup Valley Road crosses the Moosup River, and where the Moosup Valley Christian Church is located. The largest concentration of buildings in the district lie along a roughly one-mile stretch of Moosup Valley Road west of Rhode Island Route 14, with properties extending along some of the winding roads  that extend from that road. The district encompasses most of the headwaters of the Moosup River. The major public buildings are the church, a vernacular Greek Revival structure built in 1864-65, and the Grange hall, built in 1926. There is also a one-room schoolhouse which was built in 1811, and later used as a library and community center.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Tavern, also known as the Bank House Tavern, is an historic house in Foster, Rhode Island. It is located at 199 Plainfield Pike , about 3/10 of a mile east of its junction with Howard Hill Road. The main block of the house, a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure with gable roof, was built c. 1760, and was originally attached to an even older structure which was demolished in the late 19th century. This main block, five bays wide with a central chimney, is attached to a 1-1/2 story gable-roofed ell to the west. The main entrance portico features unusually elaborate Federal styling for a rural location, and was probably added in 1814. The house has long been a landmark on the road, serving as a stagecoach stop on what was the main road between Providence and points in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Hygeia  is an historic farm property at 83 Mt. Hygeia Road in Foster, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Solomon Drowne, a prominent physician, academic, botanist, and surgeon during the American Revolution, owned the property in the early nineteenth century. Around 1801 Drowne returned to Rhode Island and bought the farm next to Senator Foster and named it Mt. Hygeia after the Greek goddess of health. As near as can be determined, Drown&#39;s home was built around 1806 (as determined by Anselyn Lynch researching for the National Register of Historic Places). Drowne used the farm for botanical research and named his driveway the "Appian Way". The farm house was built in 1808 in a Federal style. One of the oldest Rhode Island Greening trees was located on the property at the turn of the twentieth century.The Apples of New York</p><br>
<p>By Spencer Ambrose Beach, Nathaniel Ogden Booth, Orin Morehouse Taylor, New York (State). Dept. of Agriculture, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station</p><br>
<p>Published by J.B. Lyon, 1905</p><br>
<p>Item notes: v.1, pg. 281</p><br>
<p>"Cyclopedia of American Horticulture: Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches"</p><br>
<p>By Liberty Hyde Bailey, Wilhelm Miller</p><br>
<p>Edition: 2</p><br>
<p>Published by The Macmillan Company, 1902, pg. 1515</p><br>
<p>The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes-on-the Pawtuxet is a historic recreational complex at Rhodes Place, on the Pawtuxet River in Cranston, Rhode Island. Originally consisting of a series of buildings, including a stateroom, pavilion, and waterfront facilities, today only a ballroom and gazebo survive. The ballroom is a Classical Revival building designed by architects John F. O&#39;Malley and Harry A. Lewis and built in 1915, after the entire complex, except for the stateroom and gazebo, was destroyed by fire. The stateroom burned in 1977. The gazebo was built c. 1880, and has long been a local landmark, with trademark Queen Anne scrollwork and turned corner posts.</p><br>
<p>These surviving structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Rumford Chemical Works and Mill House Historic District is a historic district encompassing the remnants of a historical chemical plant in East Providence, Rhode Island. The Rumford Chemical Works established its presence in East Providence  c. 1857, and eventually built an extensive complex of buildings centered on the junction of Newman and Greenwood Avenues with North Broadway. Its main section originally extended eastward from this junction to a pond which has since been filled in and built over with apartments.</p><br>
<p>The surviving parcel, roughly 8.5 acre, includes a few wood-frame buildings which may date to the 1857 move and a large three-story brick warehouse built in 1895. A wood-frame office building stands across North Broadway from the main complex, and a series of duplexes built as worker housing line North Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Rumford Chemical Works are now home to several businesses including Avenue N American Kitchen, the Punch Kettlebell Gym and the Seven Stars Bakery as well as rental apartments and lofts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rumford Chemical Works was founded by Eben Horsford, who was the Rumford Professor and Lecturer on the Application of Science to the Useful Arts at Harvard, and George F. Wilson in 1854 in Seekonk, Massachusetts part of which in 1862 became East Providence, Rhode Island. The Rumford Chemical Works was incorporated in Massachusetts in 1859. Their most successful product was Rumford baking powder. Hulman & Company acquired the Rumford Chemical Works in 1950 and still makes Rumford baking powder, now at its facility in Terre Haute, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>The Saylesville Friends Meetinghouse is an historic Quaker meetinghouse on Smithfield Avenue within the village of Saylesville in the town of Lincoln, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The Quaker (Society of Friends) meetinghouse was built in 1703-04, consisting of a modest, nearly rectangular wood frame structure. An expansion to the building was added c. 1745, joining a larger two-story structure to the old one.</p><br>
<p>Moses Brown, credited with funding Slater Mill, often described as the start of the American Industrial Revolution, was a member either of Providence Friends Meeting, Saylesville Friends Meeting or Smithfield Friends Meeting—sources are unclear. Providence Meeting is most likely because of its proximity to Moses Brown&#39;s farm.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Hopkins, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was married in this meetinghouse. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, prominent Quaker abolitionist, lived in nearby Central Falls.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is one of the oldest surviving Quaker meeting houses in New England. It continues to be used each First Day as a Friends Meetinghouse, in the unprogrammed tradition of Friends&#39; worship.</p><br>
<p>The South Central Falls Historic District is a historic district in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It is a predominantly residential area, densely populated, which was developed most heavily in the late 19th century. It is bounded roughly by Broad Street to the east, the Pawtucket city line to the south, Dexter Street to the west, and Rand Street and Jenks Park to the north. It has 377 contributing buildings, most of which were built before 1920. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Although the district is predominantly residential, it has a modest number of non-residential civic, religious, and industrial buildings. The only industrial facility is the Hemphill Mill on Dexter Street, a four-story brick structure built in 1909. There are three church buildings, two of which still see ecclesiastical use: St. George&#39;s Episcopal is a stone church built in 1922, and there is a wood-frame Queen Anne-style church building at 161-165 Cross Street which was built in 1893 and has served several Protestant congregations. Two school buildings survive: the Central Street School, an Italianate wood-frame structure built in 1881 which is separately listed on the National Register, and the present Central Falls City Hall, an imposing brick building built as a high school in 1889 with Queen Anne styling, when the area was still part of Lincoln. The Adams Library building is a Classical Revival structure built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The housing in the district consists mainly of vernacular wood frame structures with one to three units. Architectural embellishments are typically modest, following the style of the time, resulting in a significant number of modest worker cottages with some Italianate styling, which predominated during the early period of the area&#39;s development. Large single-family houses are comparatively rare in the district; the most notable one is the Samuel B. Conant House, a Colonial Revival house built in 1895 for a Pawtucket printshop owner.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Smith House is a historic house at 109 Smithfield Road in North Providence, Rhode Island. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame house, six bays wide, with a shed-style addition to the rear giving it a saltbox appearance. The oldest portion of this house, built c. 1705 is a classical Rhode Island stone ender house, whose large chimney has since been completely enclosed in the structure. The lower levels of this chimney are believed to predate King Philips War , when the previous house was burned. The 1705 house was built by Joseph Smith, grandson of John Smith, one of Rhode Islands first settlers. It was greatly enlarged in 1762 by Daniel Jenckes, a judge from a prominent Rhode Island family, for his son, and was for many years in the hands of Jenckes descendants. The house is the only known surviving stone ender in North Providence.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The General Oliver Otis Howard House, also known as Howard Hall, is a historic house, and the oldest surviving building on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C. Built in 1867, it was the home of General Oliver Otis Howard, the university founder and its third president. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It faces Georgia Avenue NW, just north of Howard Place.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The General Oliver Otis Howard House is located on the west side of the Howard University Campus. It is separated form Georgia Avenue to the west by a parking lot, and from 6th Street by the Johnson Administration Building, which forms an L around its north side. It is a 2-1/2 story painted brick building, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor, and a fieldstone foundation that is exposed on the west and south due to the sloping terrain. A three-story tower projects from the southwest corner, rising to a low balustrade surrounding a mansard roof, which is crowned by iron cresting. Windows are set in segmented-arch windows, and dormers in the roof face have elaborate carved surrounds. The interior retains some original features, but has in parts been altered to provide modern office space.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1867 as the home of General Oliver Otis Howard. Of four buildings erected during the founding phase of Howard University, it is the only one still standing. The university was chartered in 1867, when General Howard was serving as commissioner of the federal Freedmens Bureau. In that role, Howard was a major supporter of improved educational opportunities for newly freed African Americans. As a member of the First Congregational Church of Washington, he was instrumental in that congregations support for creating of the institution as a seminary and normal school.</p><br>
<p>Howard&#39;s house was purchased by the university in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Parker House, also known as the former headquarters of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, is a historic row house at 700 Jackson Place NW in Washington D.C. Built in 1860, it is historically significant for its association with the Carnegie Endowment, whose headquarters it was from its founding in 1910 until 1948. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It has since been incorporated into the Blair House complex serving high-profile official visitors to the capital.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peter Parker House stands at the southern end of Jackson Place, presenting a side to Pennsylvania Avenue, across from Lafayette Square. It is one of a series of relatively modest Italianate row houses built out of brick. It is three stories in height, crowned by an elaborate projecting wooden cornice. It is three bays wide, with its entrance in the rightmost bay accessed by a low flight of stairs. The entrance is framed by a sandstone segmental-arch pediment with brackets. Window sills and lintels, as well as corner quoining, are also sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1860. Its first prominent resident was Peter Parker, best known as a medical missionary to China. In 1910 it was acquired by the recently founded Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, he established it as a vehicle to promote and seek and end to international warfare. The organization occupied this building as its headquarters until 1948, when it moved to New York City. During its tenure, the organization also acquired the adjacent buildings (704 and 708 Jackson Place), and expanded into them.</p><br>
<p>From 1961 to 1965 it housed the Civil War Centennial Commission, and by 1970 it had been purchased by the federal government. In the early 1980s, it along with 704 Jackson Place were internally combined into a single building and then merged with Blair House by way of a connecting structure occupying the alleyway that had separated them.</p><br>
<p>Guild&#39;s Lake  was historically a flood-prone lowland near the confluence of Balch Creek with the Willamette River in the USA state of Oregon. Indigenous Multnomah people established villages on nearby Sauvie Island but not in the swampy area along the Balch Creek side of the river in what later became northwest Portland. The lake was at an elevation of 33 ft above sea level between what later became Northwest Saint Helens Road and Northwest Yeon Street, slightly west of Northwest 35th Avenue in the Northwest Industrial district of Portland.</p><br>
<p>The lake took its name from Peter Guild (pronounced guile), one of the first 19th-century settlers in the area. In 1847, he acquired nearly 600 acre of the wetlands through a donation land claim. After Guilds death in 1870, various landowners modified the area to accommodate sawmills, railroads, shipping docks, and Portlands city garbage incinerator. The Guilds Lake Rail Yard, built by the Northern Pacific Railway in the 1880s, became an important switching yard for trains. Beginning in the 1890s, channel-deepening in the Willamette River improved the citys status as a deep-water seaport, as did completion in 1914 of a port terminal. These developments helped make nearby Guild&#39;s Lake the most important industrial area in Portland.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, held on an artificial island in Guilds Lake, had helped spur growth in the area. After the exposition ended, developers filled the lake and its surrounds with rocks and gravel sluiced from parts of the Balch Creek watershed in the West Hills above the floodplain or dredged from the Willamette River. Civic leaders promoted the Guilds Lake area as a good place for industry, and by the mid-1920s the lake was gone. Instead, it became "a drying and settling mud flat... awaiting development during World War II". During World War II, the Guilds Lake Housing Project, an adjunct to the Vanport project, provided temporary housing for workers in the nearby Kaiser Shipyards. After the war, chemical and petroleum processing and storage, metals manufacturing, and other large industries expanded in the area. In 2001, the Portland City Council adopted the Guilds Lake Industrial Sanctuary Plan aimed at protecting the area&#39;s "long-term economic viability as an industrial district."</p><br>
<p>The Zalmon Richards House is a historic house at 1301 Corcoran Street Northwest in Washington, D.C. A Second Empire rowhouse, it was home from 1882 until his death of Zalmon Richards , founder of the National Education Association. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Zalmon Richards House stands in Washingtons Logan Circle neighborhood, on the north side of Corcoran Street NW between 13th and 14th Streets. It is at the right end of a series of Victorian brick row houses which line the street. It is 2-1/2 stories in height with a raised basement, and a mansard roof providing a full third floor in the attic level. The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance recessed under a round-arch opening in the leftmost bay. On the first floor, the right two bays are taken up by a polygonal wood-frame window bay with a bracketed roof. Second-floor windows are set in segmented-arch openings crowned by a decorative hoods with drip moulding. The right wall of the building has a projecting oriel window with styling similar to the front bay. The buildings builder and construction date are not known.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1882 by Zalmon Richards. He was by then already prominent in education circles, serving as founder and first president of the National Teachers Association, now the National Education Association. Raised and educated in Massachusetts, Richards embarked on a teaching career at the age of seventeen, and organized teachers at virtually every major posting he held. This work culminated in the founding in 1857 of the National Teachers Association. Richards lived in this house from 1882 until his death in 1899, and taught in one of its rooms.</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Island is a small island located need the middle of the Wallabi Group of the Houtman Abrolhos, an archipelago off the coast of Western Australia. It is almost entirely given over to western rock lobster fishers&#39; camps, and as a result is far more disturbed than most other islands in the archipelago. A nearby island also seasonally populated by fishers is named Little Pigeon Island, hence Pigeon Island is sometimes referred to as "Big Pigeon Island".</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The geographic location of Pigeon Island suggests that it might have been visited by survivors of the 1629 Batavia shipwreck, but there is no surviving evidence of this, either documentary or archaeological. It was mined for guano in the 20th century.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Pigeon Island is roughly triangular in shape, with a short side on the south west, and two long sides coming together at a point in the north east. The island is covered with infrastructure, with a high density of huts covering the entire island, right down to the water line; in total there are 54 camps, a school and a pub. There are also around 20 jetties, mainly along the northwest side, as this is the only direction from which the island may be approached by boat. The island is surrounded by reef to the south and east, but a passage known as Pigeon Island Anchorage runs along the northwest side.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and physiography</h2><br>
<p>The basement of Pigeon Island is the Wallabi Limestone, a dense calcretised, coral limestone platform that underlies the entire Wallabi Group. This platform, which arises abruptly from a flat shelf, is about 40 metres thick, and is of Quaternary origin. Reef that formed during the Eemian interglacial (about 125,000 years ago), when sea levels were higher than at present, are now emergent in places, and constitute the basement of the group&#39;s "central platform" islands, of which Pigeon Island is one.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>71 species of plant have been recorded on Pigeon Island, of which 45 are native and 29 introduced. These are:</p><br>
<p>Acanthocarpus preissii</p><br>
<p>Actites megalocarpa (dune thistle)</p><br>
<p>Anagallis arvensis (pimpernel) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Atriplex cinerea (grey saltbush)</p><br>
<p>Atriplex paludosa (marsh saltbush)</p><br>
<p>Atriplex sp.</p><br>
<p>Austrostipa elegantissima</p><br>
<p>Avena barbata (bearded oat) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Brachyscome ciliaris</p><br>
<p>Bromus arenarius (sand brome)</p><br>
<p>Bromus diandrus (great brome) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Bromus hordeaceus (soft brome) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Bryophyllum delagoense (mother of millions) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Bulbine semibarbata (leek lily)</p><br>
<p>Capparis spinosa (coastal caper)</p><br>
<p>Carpobrotus virescens (coastal pigface)</p><br>
<p>Conyza bonariensis (flaxleaf fleabane) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Cotyledon orbiculata</p><br>
<p>Cynodon dactylon (couch) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Daucus glochidiatus (Australian carrot)</p><br>
<p>Dianella revoluta (blueberry lily)</p><br>
<p>Diplolaena grandiflora (wild rose)</p><br>
<p>Disphyma crassifolium subsp. clavellatum (round-leaved pigface)</p><br>
<p>Ehrharta longiflora (annual veldt grass) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Emex australis (doublegee) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Enchylaena tomentosa (barrier saltbush)</p><br>
<p>Eragrostis dielsii (mallee lovegrass)</p><br>
<p>Erodium cicutarium (common storksbill) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Erodium cygnorum (blue heronsbill)</p><br>
<p>Euphorbia boophthona (Gascoyne spurge)</p><br>
<p>Euphorbia tannensis</p><br>
<p>Euphorbia terracina (Geraldton carnation weed) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Exocarpos aphyllus (leafless ballart)</p><br>
<p>Frankenia pauciflora (seaheath)</p><br>
<p>Haloragis trigonocarpa</p><br>
<p>Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum (barley grass) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Juncus bufonius (toad rush) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Lactuca saligna (wild lettuce) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Malva parviflora (marshmallow) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Malva preissiana (Australian hollyhock)</p><br>
<p>Medicago polymorpha (burr medic) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Mesembryanthemum crystallinum (iceplant) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Muellerolimon salicorniaceum</p><br>
<p>Myoporum insulare (blueberry tree)</p><br>
<p>Nicotiana glauca (tree tobacco) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Nicotiana occidentalis subsp. hesperis (native tobacco)</p><br>
<p>Nitraria billardierei (bitre bush)</p><br>
<p>Olearia axillaris (coastal daisy bush)</p><br>
<p>Phalaris minor (lesser canary grass) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Pimelea microcephala (shrubby riceflower)</p><br>
<p>Pittosporum phylliraeoides (weeping pittosporum)</p><br>
<p>Plantago debilis</p><br>
<p>Polycarpon tetraphyllum (fourleaf allseed) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Polypogon tenellus</p><br>
<p>Rhagodia baccata (berry saltbush)</p><br>
<p>Rhagodia latifolia</p><br>
<p>Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Rostraria cristata (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Sarcostemma viminale subsp. australe</p><br>
<p>Schenkia australis (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Senecio pinnatifolius</p><br>
<p>Setaria dielsii (Diels&#39; pigeon grass)</p><br>
<p>Solanum nigrum (black berry nightshade)</p><br>
<p>Sonchus oleraceus (common sow thistle) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Spergularia rubra (sand spurry) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Sporobolus virginicus (marine couch)</p><br>
<p>Tamarix aphylla (athel tree) (naturalised)</p><br>
<p>Tecticornia arbuscula</p><br>
<p>Tecticornia halocnemoides (shrubby samphire)</p><br>
<p>Threlkeldia diffusa (coast bonefruit)</p><br>
<p>Thysanotis patersonii</p><br>
<p>Triglochin centrocarpa</p><br>
<p>Vulpia myuros (rat&#39;s tail fescue) (naturalised)</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s fauna includes the rare spiny-tailed skink, the Abrolhos painted button-quail and the brush bronzewing. The black rat (Rattus rattus) was previously present but has been eradicated.</p><br>
<h2>Human uses</h2><br>
<p>The Houtman Abrolhos is wholly vested in Western Australia&#39;s Minister for Fisheries for purposes of "Conservation of Flora and Fauna, Tourism, and for Purposes Associated with the Fishing Industry". Pigeon Island is one of a small number of islands given over almost entirely to the last of these. As a result of guano mining in the 19th century, and the development of fishing infrastructure in the 20th century, the island has very little conservation value.</p><br>
<p>The Withers Building, also known as the Winthrop Training School or W.T.S., is an historic building complex located at 611 Myrtle Drive on the campus of Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. The complex consists of three parts: the old Presbyterian High School, the Main Classroom - Office Building and the new Gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>The old two-story Presbyterian High School was built in 1891 and bought in 1910 by the state for what was then Winthrop College: The South Carolina College for Women to be used as its teacher training school.</p><br>
<p>The three story E-shaped plan Main Classroom - Office Building with a central four-story tower was built in 1912–1913 and designed in the redbrick Gothic Revival style by the noted Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards of the firm of Edwards and Sayward. This is the most architecturally significant part of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The new Gymnasium building was built in 1952 and designed by G. Thomas Harmon of Columbia to replace the old gymnasium which had been on the fourth floor of the tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 the Winthrop Training School was named the Withers Building to honor Sarah Withers a graduate of the college and a former principal of the school.</p><br>
<p>On August 20, 1981, the Withers Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Shakhdara Range  is a mountain range in Tajikistan, part of the Pamir Mountain System.</p><br>
<p>The range lies in the extreme south-western Pamir in Tajikistan&#39;s Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province. It runs roughly in the east-west direction between the Shakhdara River to the north and Panj on the border with Afghanistan to the south, separating the watersheds of both rivers and rising toward Mayakovskiy Peak (6,096 m) in the west and Karl Marx Peak (6,726 m) in the east. Other high peaks of the range are Engels Peak (6510 m) and Mayakovsky Peak (6096 m).</p><br>
<p>The range takes its name (in both English and Russian) from the Shakhdara River, and is sometimes erroneously called Shakhdarin Range (or Shakhdarin Mountains), a corruption of the Russian name.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln County Courthouse is the building in Stanford, Kentucky, the county seat of Lincoln County, where trial courts conduct their affairs, and other county governmental offices are located. The building was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stanford, originally called Logan&#39;s Fort, was named the county seat of Lincoln County in 1786.</p><br>
<p>The current building was constructed in 1909 at the site of the original building. This structure was the fourth building used as courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Never destroyed by fire or flooding, the courthouse contains original documents dating back to 1781, and are the oldest courthouse records in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, the building features include a cupola with a clock on each side at the top of the building. The Ionic order portico fronting includes round brick columns.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Lang Freer House is located at 71 East Ferry Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The house was originally built for the industrialist and art collector Charles Lang Freer, whose gift of the Freer Gallery of Art began the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. The structure currently hosts the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute of Child & Family Development of Wayne State University. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Lang Freer, in partnership with Col. Frank J. Hecker, made his fortune from the Peninsular Car Company. from Detroit1701.org</p><br>
<p>Freer travelled widely, with one of his favorite spots being Newport, Rhode Island. There, he was favorably impressed by the shingle style summer cottages built by the wealthy. Desiring a similar home, in 1890 Freer contracted with Wilson Eyre to design a home in Detroit. The house, on Ferry Street next door to Hecker&#39;s home, was completed in 1892.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>For the exterior, Eyre used coursed hard blue limestone (now discolored) from New York for the first floor. Dark, closely spaced shingles of Michigan oak cover most of the rest of the façade. On the third story, a triangular gable and various dormers interrupt the roofline. Chimneys dominate the east and west ends of the home, underneath which are porches. These porches were originally open-air, but are currently closed stucco.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, Eyre designed the home with Freers art collection in mind. In 1906, Eyre designed an art gallery, added above the stable. In 1904, Frederick Leylands widow sold Freer The Peacock Room, designed by James Whistler, and Freer had Eyre design another room in the carriage house in which to install it.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, Lizzie Pitts Merrill Palmer left a bequest of three million dollars to found a school centering on home and family development. In 1923, the Institute purchased the house, and have remained there since. In 1980, this Institute (currently Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute) was incorporated into Wayne State University. The Institute runs the Early Childhood Center, a preschool for area children age 2 1/2 to 5, and has a research faculty of 12 studying children from infancy to adulthood.</p><br>
<p>Charles Evans Hughes House is a historic house at 2223 R Street, NW in the Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built in 1907, it was from 1930 to 1948 the home of Charles Evans Hughes , a prominent Republican politician and from 1930–1941 the Chief Justice of the United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 and is a contributing property to the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District. It presently serves as the official residence of the Ambassador of Myanmar to the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Evans Hughes House is located in Washington&#39;s Embassy Row area. It is on the north side of R Street, between Sheridan Circle and 22nd Street. It is one of two stone row houses that are 3-1/2 stories in height, and modeled on an Italian palazzo. The ground floor is unpainted, with a flared glass-and-iron hood sheltering the central main entrance. A secondary entrance is in the rightmost bay. Second-floor windows are tall, and set in rounded arch openings, with shallow iron balconies. The third floor windows are rectangular, with bracketed stone window boxes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1907 to a design by George Oakley Totten, Jr. Its early uses were as either a diplomatic residence or embassy, including by the missions of Peru and Chile. In 1930 it was purchased by Charles Evans Hughes, recently appointed as Chief Justice of the United States. Evans was a leader in the Progressive Era of the early 20th century and 1916 presidential candidate. He held office as Associate Justice from 1910 to 1916, during which period he was a prominent dissenting voice on a conservative court. He held multiple executive positions under several Presidents before being appointed Chief Justice in 1930 by President Herbert Hoover. He lived in this house from 1930 until his death in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the building was purchased by the Union of Burma, now Myanmar. It currently serves as the residence of the Myanmaran ambassador.</p><br>
<p>The Oria is a river in the Basque Country at the north of the Iberian Peninsula. It&#39;s one of a series of Basque rivers flowing into the Bay of Biscay  and the main river of the province Gipuzkoa in volume , length  and basin , the main feature of these rivers aligned south to north being their shortness. The maximum elevation at the source is 1,260 m, while at its lowest height the tidal influence extends inland up to Usurbil . On this final stretch, many marsh and wetland strips dotted the banks of the Oria, although some of them have been drained for agricultural and building purposes.</p><br>
<p>The river rises at the south of the municipality of Zegama near the hamlet of Otzaurte and the San Adrian tunnel, harvesting the waters of the north-eastern side of the mountain range Aizkorri, so the river results from the merging of several streams. The first town it crosses is the very nucleus of Zegama, with other major towns of Gipuzkoa being located on the river, e.g. Beasain, Ordizia, Tolosa, Andoain, Lasarte-Oria, Usurbil and finally Orio at the mouth. From Lasarte-Oria to Orio, the sinuous and traffic laden coastal road N-634 winds along.</p><br>
<p>The Oria is a central river and an important axis for the province of Gipuzkoa. The major road A-1 (European route E-5 E-80) runs along the Oria most of the time, as well as the Spanish Northern Railway, right from its rise on the slopes of Aizkorri. Its watershed holds a population of 128,000 inhabitants, most of the lowland being heavily inhabited, while the area of its southernmost stretch is sparsely populated.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental condition and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The banks of the river were intensely industrialized starting in the middle of the 19th century and later; the river grew conspicuously polluted up to the 1980s, with almost all its river fauna becoming extinct. At that point, its environmental situation began to revert, the river showing currently a healthy condition. There exists an unstable trout population downstream of Andoain, while other fish prevail and remain steady, i.e. Cyprinidae such as barbel (Barbus graellsi), ezkailu (Phoxinus phoxinus) and ray-finned fish (Chondrostoma toxostoma arrigonis). A stretch of the estuary by the village Aginaga is known for its baby eels, bred and harvested for human consumption before they grow up, providing for a much appreciated and dearly paid delicacy, while they were totally neglected just some decades ago.</p><br>
<h2>Main tributaries</h2><br>
<p>There are several streams and small rivers flowing into the Oria. The main tributaries are Leitzaran in Andoain and Araxes in Tolosa.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The David White House is a historic house at 1459 Girard Street NW in Washington, D.C. A National Historic Landmark, it was the home of geologist David White  from 1910 to 1925. White had a longtime association with the United States Geological Survey , and performed groundbreaking research on peat and petroleum geology.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The David White House is located in Washington&#39;s Columbia Heights neighborhood, on the north side of Girard Street between 14th and 15th Streets. It is one of a row of 19th and 20th century rowhouses that line the block; its builder and construction date are not known. It is a three-story brick row house, with a semicircular bay rising to a slate-shingled turret on the right side. It is not architecturally distinguished.</p><br>
<p>David White was a native of New York and was educated in geology at Cornell University. Upon graduation he took a job with the USGS, and made Washington his home from 1886 until his death. Of the places he lived in the city, this house was his home for the longest period. During his lifelong career there, he became an acknowledged expert on the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic era, and performed research identifying the links between paleobotany and the formation of coal deposits. Uniquely among researchers of the period, he performed much of his field work personally instead of hiring it out. His achievement awards include the Thomson Medal and the Walcott Medal.</p><br>
<p>Christ Church is an Anglican church building serving a parish on the southern side of Warminster, Wiltshire, England.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The church was built in 1830 to serve what was then Warminster Common. Originally part of the Parish of St Denys (The Minster) Christ Church was opened in 1831. In 1871 the church was expanded with the addition of the chancel and vestry. In 1881 the ceiling of the worship area, which was becoming unstable, was replaced with the wooden beams and pillars that are still present in the building.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1960s an attempt was made to modernise the worship in the church, and a nave altar was built. This was a very controversial move and led, eventually, to a consistory court. The vicar, acting with the best intentions wanted to symbolically bring the worship of the church to a more central place in the church. However this move divided the church and a number of the congregation and those outside the congregation complained that there had been no consultation. Eventually a parishioner appealed to an ecclesiastical consistory court. The case was lost by the vicar and church wardens as the court found that insufficient consultation about the change had occurred. Although the altar was not removed, the affair caused a rift in the church and a number of people felt strongly enough to move to worship elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 a major redevelopment of Christ Church began with the complete reordering of the worship space, the addition of a raised dais, the removal of the nave altar and pews, and a new lobby.</p><br>
<p>The second phase of the development project includes the utilisation of the mezzanine floor area above the lobby of the church. Creating meeting rooms and more functional space, this work was due to begin in 2011.</p><br>
<h2>List of vicars</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial is a bronze sculpture by Pietro Montana and is located at the intersection of Taunton Avenue, Whelden Avenue, and John Street in East Providence, Rhode Island, United States. The sculpture is modeled on Charles Atlas and depicts a dynamically posed soldier standing on a granite base. Montanas original design was modified by the East Providence Memorial Committee for being "too brutal". Dedicated on July 30, 1927, Major General Charles Pelot Summerall gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and "invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montanas doughboy." The World War I Memorial was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial was designed by Pietro Montana, an Italian-born painter and sculptor. Montana studied at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Manhattan, New York City, New York.</p><br>
<p>For the design of the sculpture, Montana modeled Charles Atlas and "strove to communicate the USA doughboys upstanding character and valor by way of a muscle-bound physique". In 1926, the East Providence Memorial Committee expressed concerns that Montanas design was "too brutal" and modified the original design provided by Montana.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture of a soldier stands 7.75 ft tall, 2.583 ft wide and 2.66 ft deep. Ronald J. Onorato, author of the National Register nomination, writes that "the soldier stands with legs apart, his left hand at his belt, the right at his side. The face is impassive and expressionless. He wears a disheveled infantry uniform, rough shoes, the shirt collar open and askew, the sleeves rolled back, the knee torn open, his helmet on the ground behind his left foot.... A holster hangs from the belt on the soldier&#39;s right hip." Montana signed the sculpture with "Pietro Montana/SC/1927."</p><br>
<p>The sculpture rests atop a grey granite base that is 6.33 ft tall, 3.166 ft wide and 3.5 ft deep. The corners of the base have small leaf designed and has 2 ft by 2.66 ft bronze reliefs with arched tops on each side. The front relief states that it was erected in the memory of the citizens of East Providence who served in World War I from 1917 to 1918, and lists the names of twenty three soldiers. The left relief depicts a marching infantry column of one man on horseback and four on foot, the right relief depicts four or five men loading a cannon and the rear relief depicts a nurse assisting two wounded soldiers.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its nomination, the sculpture was described as in "moderately good condition", with the surface being both stained and pitted, but free or breaks or missing pieces. The statue still stands in its original location in front of a school that has since been re-purposed for residential housing.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial designed by Montana is "historically significant as the city&#39;s principal effort to honor those who served in the first World War and because it is an unusually successful depiction of the soldier in battle." The larger-than-life masculine figure depicted in the sculpture stands apart from the stock figures of other war monuments by its dynamic pose, as if the soldier was " the heat of battle". It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Woonsocket Rubber Company Mill is an historic mill at 60-82 Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The mill consists of a series of 3- and 4-story brick buildings built between 1865 and 1875 by Edward Harris, one of Woonsockets leading businessmen. These buildings housed the Woonsocket Rubbert Company, one of Rhode Islands first manufacturer of rubber products, principally shoes, boots, and rubberized fabric. In 1910 the complex was purchased by the Falls Yarn Company, which used it for the production of fine woolen yarns.</p><br>
<p>The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Another mill owned by Woonsocket Rubber Company, known as the Alice Mill, named for the owner&#39;s mother, was located on Fairmount Street in Woonsocket. It was destroyed in a 2011 fire.</p><br>
<p>The Woonsocket Company Mill Complex  is a historic district encompassing one of the largest mill complexes in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The district includes all of the buildings historically associated with the Woonsocket Company, a major manufacturer of cotton textiles in the 19th century. The complex is located along the eastern bank of the Blackstone River between Court and Bernon Streets. It includes three handsome stone mills, built between 1827 and 1859, and a power plant that was built on the site of the former #3 mill between 1890 and 1920, as well as the remnants of the canal that originally carried water to the buildings for power.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Simpson Woodward House is a former residence located at 1513 16th Street, NW in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. From 1904 until 1914, it was a home of geologist Robert Simpson Woodward , the first president of the Carnegie Institution and a highly regarded scientist and science administrator. The building currently serves as the Capital Research Center headquarters. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Simson Woodward House is located a short way north of Scott Circle, on the east side of 16th Street NW between P and Church Streets. It is a four-story brick building with Romanesque styling, and is not of particular architectural significance. Prominent features include hipped dormers with tile roofing, the entrance recessed under a rounded arch, and the right-side curved window bay that extends to the third floor. The date of construction is surmised to be in the 1880s or 1890s based on its style; the builder is not known.</p><br>
<p>Robert Simson Woodward lived in this house from 1904 to 1914. He apparently moved frequently in his lifetime, and this building is one of his longest residencies. A native of Michigan, Woodward studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan before landing a job at the United States Geological Survey. In a long and distinguished career, Woodward made substantive contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, surveying, and geology. He was also known as an effective administrator, serving as dean of the Columbia University School of Pure Science before becoming the first head of the Carnegie Institution in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House  is an historic American Colonial house at the corner of Diamond Hill Road and Fairhaven Road in Cumberland, Rhode Island. The house was built around the year 1750, enlarged slightly in 1780, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The house is a very simple one-and-one-half-story, center-chimney cottage set behind stone walls on a large lot at the corner of Diamond Hill Road and Fairhaven Road. The asymmetrical, four-bay facade and slightly offset chimney testify that it was originally built as a half house and then later extended around 1780. The house served as the center of a small farm and cottage industries throughout most of its history. An earlier house on the site is said to have been a blockhouse during King Philip&#39;s War 1675–1677.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House was constructed by Samuel Whipple beginning about 1750 when he inherited this property from his father, William Whipple. At that time, the property also contained an earlier house, which is sometimes referred to in deeds as "Samuel Whipple’s old house" and in secondary sources as a "blockhouse". Its construction date is not known, but it stood immediately northeast of the present house well into the nineteenth century. Diamond Hill Road was one of the area’s first primary north-south roads and is described in early deeds as the road between Providence, Rhode Island and Franklin, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House is significant as a well-preserved example of mid-eighteenth-century rural vernacular domestic design, and illustrates the evolution of the half house to a full center chimney form. It is also of local historical interest for its broad associations with the development of the town of Cumberland. Built by a member of one of Cumberlands early settlement families, the house remained in that family for several generations, and became one locus of two of the towns important 19th- and 20th-century economic pursuits: small-scale boat building and farming.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Cullen House and Barn is an historic farmstead on Old River Road in Lincoln, Rhode Island. The main house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney and a gable roof. An addition extends to the rear, and a 19th-century porch is on the side of the house. The barn, dating to the late 19th century, is north of the house, and there is a former farm shed, now converted to a garage, to its south. The property is located across the street from the Lincoln town offices. The house, built c. 1740, is one of the towns least-altered 18th century houses, and the barn is a rare survivor of the towns agrarian past.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>USA Post Office in San Pedro, California is a historic Streamline Moderne Post Office built in 1935 as a Works Project Administration project. Designed by Louis A. Simon and Fletcher Martin in the WPA modern style, a conservative or classicized Art Deco, the San Pedro Post Office was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The building also formerly served as a USA Customs Office. The building&#39;s use of marble, bronze and milk glass are typical of 1930s architecture for USA government buildings. The floor tile is laid in a basket weave pattern surrounded by black marble, giving the effect of rugs on a marble floor. Some of the original bronze lamps and ink wells are still intact at the public writing desks. The mural inside the Post Office Building was painted by Fletcher Martin in 1938 and is titled "Mail Transportation." Martin  also painted WPA-era murals at the USA Post Office buildings in La Mesa, Texas, and Kellogg, Idaho.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building is a former Los Angeles Harbor Department ferry terminal building located at Sixth Street at Harbor Boulevard in the community of San Pedro in Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>The historic landmark building now houses the Los Angeles Maritime Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Municipal Ferry Building was built in 1941 as a Works Project Administration (WPA) project, built at Berth 84.</p><br>
<p>It was a working ferry terminal from 1941 to 1963, for the ferry connecting San Pedro and Terminal Island in the Los Angeles Harbor. During those years, the double-decked ferries "Islander" and "Ace" transported thousands of passengers and automobiles to and from the tuna canneries, docks, shipyards, and military bases on Terminal Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the Vincent Thomas Bridge was completed, connecting mainland San Pedro to Terminal Island, and the ferry service became obsolete. The ferry service was terminated on 14 November, and the bridge opened on 15 November.</p><br>
<p>The San Pedro terminal building was used for many years as an office building by the Los Angeles Harbor Department. The ferry terminal building on the Terminal Island side was demolished in 1972 to expand cargo operations.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>As the ferry building began to deteriorate, citizens of San Pedro sought to have it restored. They succeeded in having the building designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (no. 146) in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1976 the building was restored (exterior) and remodeled (interior) into the Los Angeles Maritime Museum, which opened in 1979. It is the largest maritime museum on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Both the exterior and interior of the Municipal Ferry Building were featured in the 1947 film The Street With No Name.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory  and the Volta Bureau were created in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. by Alexander Graham Bell.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory was founded in 1880–1881 with Charles Sumner Tainter and Bell&#39;s cousin, Chichester Bell, for the research and development of telecommunication, phonograph and other technologies.</p><br>
<p>Using funds generated by the Volta Laboratory, Bell later founded the Volta Bureau in 1887 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf", and merged with the American Association for the Promotion and Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD) in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990</p><br>
<p>It was renamed as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956 and then the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing website. Retrieved on April 3, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current building, a USA National Historic Landmark, was constructed in 1893 under the direction of Alexander Graham Bell to serve as a center of information for deaf and hard of hearing persons. Bell, best known for receiving the first telephone patent in 1876, was also a prominent figure of his generation in the education of the deaf. His grandfather, father and elder brother were teachers of speech and the younger Bell worked with them.</p><br>
<p>Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell moved to Canada with his family in 1870 following the deaths of his brothers, and a year later moved to Boston to teach at a special day school for deaf children.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, Bell and his wife Mabel Hubbard, who had been deaf from early childhood, moved to Washington, D.C. The following year, the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs (approximately US$ in current dollars) for the invention of the telephone. Bell used the money to establish a trust fund, the Volta Fund, and founded the Volta Laboratory Association, along with his cousin Chichester A. Bell and Sumner Tainter. The laboratory focused on research for the analysis, recording and transmission of sound. In 1887, the Volta Laboratory Association transferred the sound recording and phonograph invention patents they had been granted to the American Graphophone Company (later to evolve into Columbia Records). Alexander Bell, bent on improving the lives of the deaf, took a portion of his share of the profits to found the Volta Bureau as an instrument "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".</p><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau worked in close cooperation with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (the AAPTSD) which was organized in 1890, electing Bell as President. The Volta Bureau officially merged with the Association in 1908, and has been known as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf since 1956, and then as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing since 1999. Informally it is also called the AG Bell.</p><br>
<h3>Transition from the Volta Laboratory to the Volta Bureau</h3><br>
<p>From about 1879 Bell&#39;s earliest physics research in Washington. D.C. was conducted at his first laboratory, a rented house, at 1325 L Street NW,</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 336</p><br>
<p>and then from the autumn of 1880 at 1221 Connecticut Avenue NW. The laboratory was later relocated to 2020 F Street NW sometime after January 1886. With most of the laboratorys project work being conducted by his two associates, Bell was able to engage in extensive research into the causes of deafness as well as ways of improving the lives of the deaf, leading him to create the Volta Bureau in 1887. In 1889, Bell and his family moved from their Brodhead-Bell mansion to a new home close to his father, Alexander Melville Bell. Between 1889 and 1893, the Volta Bureau was located in the carriage house to the rear of the home of Bells father, at 1527 35th Street NW in Washington, D.C. The work of the Bureau increased to such an extent that in 1893 Bell, with the assistance of his father, constructed a neoclassical yellow brick and sandstone building specifically to house the institution.</p><br>
<p>The new bureau building was constructed across the street from his father&#39;s home, where its carriage house had been its original headquarters. On May 8, 1893, Bell’s 13-year-old prodigy, Helen Keller, performed the sod-breaking ceremony for the construction of the new Volta Bureau building.</p><br>
<p>Schoenherr, Steven., originally published at the History Department of, University of San Diego, revised July 6, 2005. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009. Document transferred to a personal website upon Professor Schoenherr&#39;s retirement. Retrieved again from homepage.mac. com/oldtownman website July 21, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Encyclopædia Britannica. "", Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online, December 21, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau was so named in 1887 at the suggestion of John Hitz, its first superintendent, and Bell&#39;s prior researcher. Hitz remained its first superintendent until his death in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, pp. 412–413</p><br>
<p>Bell&#39;s former trust, the Volta Fund, was also renamed the Volta Bureau Fund when the Bureau was established, except for US$25,000 that Bell diverted to the AAPTSD, one of several organizations for the deaf that Bell ultimately donated some $450,000 (approximately $ in current dollars) to starting in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 294</p><br>
<p>The building, a neoclassical Corinthian templum in antis structure of closely matching golden yellow sandstone and Roman brick with architectural terracotta details, was built in 1893 to a design by Peabody and Stearns of Boston.</p><br>
<p>Its design is unique in the Georgetown area of Washington, due to its Academic Revival style. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>While the Volta Bureau&#39;s assigned mission was to conduct research into deafness as well as its related pedagogical strategies, Bell would continue with his other scientific, engineering and inventive works for the remainder of his life, conducted mainly at the newer and larger laboratory he built on his Nova Scotia estate, Beinn Breagh. Although Bell self-described his occupation as a "teacher of the deaf" throughout his life, his foremost activities revolved around those of general scientific discovery and invention.</p><br>
<p>By 1887 the Volta Laboratory Associations assets had been distributed among its partners and its collective works had ceased. In 1895 Bells father, noted philologist and elocutionist Alexander Melville Bell, who had authored over 45 publications on elocution, the use of visible speech for the deaf and similar related subjects, assigned all his publication copyrights to the Volta Bureau for its financial benefit.</p><br>
<p>Reville, F. Douglas., Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920, p.311. Retrieved from Brantford. Library.on.ca May 4, 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau later evolved into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (also known as the AG Bell), and its works have actively continued to the present day under its own charter.</p><br>
<h2>Laboratory projects</h2><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory Association, or Volta Associates, was created by formal legal agreement on October 8, 1881 (backdated to May 1 of the same year), constituting the Volta Laboratory Association to be the owner of its patents. It was dissolved in 1886 when its sound recording intellectual property assets were transferred into the Volta Graphophone Company. The association was composed of Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Sumner Tainter and Bell&#39;s cousin, renowned British chemist Dr. Chichester Bell.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s the Volta Associates worked on various projects, at times either individually or collectively.</p><br>
<p>Encyclopedia of World Biography. "", Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com.</p><br>
<p>Originally, work at the laboratory was to focus on telephone applications, but then shifted to phonographic research at the prompting of Tainter. The laboratory&#39;s projects and achievements included (partial list):</p><br>
<p>the intermittent-beam sounder – used in spectral analysis and in the generation of pure tones (1880)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 338</p><br>
<p>the Photophone – an optical, wireless telephone, the precursor to fiber-optic communications (February 1880)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, pp. 336-339</p><br>
<p>experiments in magnetic recording – attempts at recording sounds permanently fixed onto electroplated records (spring 1881)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 343.</p><br>
<p>an artificial respirator that Bell termed a "vacuum jacket", created after one of his premature sons died due to his immature lungs (1881)</p><br>
<p>Duchan, Judith Felson., Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo. Retrieved from the April 27, 2012.</p><br>
<p>the spectrophone – a derivative of the Photophone, used for spectral analysis by means of sound (April 1881)</p><br>
<p>an improved induction balance – an audible metal detector created in a bid to save President James A. Garfield&#39;s life (July 1881)</p><br>
<p>a speed governor for record players (fall 1882)</p><br>
<p>the air-jet record stylus, an electric-pneumatic phonograph stylus designed to reduce background noise while playing a record, resulting in USA Patent # 341,212 granted on May 4, 1886 (known as the air-jet recorder) (November 1885)</p><br>
<p>an audiometer – used in both telecommunications and to assist in studies of deafness,</p><br>
<p>...as well as several other important, and commercially decisive improvements to the phonograph, during which they created the tradename for one of their products – the Graphophone (a playful transposition of phonograph).</p><br>
<h3>Tainter's move to the laboratory</h3><br>
<p>Earlier Bell had met fellow Cambridge resident, Charles Sumner Tainter, a young self-educated instrument maker who had been assigned to the USA Transit of Venus Commission geodetic expedition to New Zealand to observe the planet&#39;s solar transit in December 1874. Tainter subsequently opened a shop for the production of scientific instruments in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. He later wrote of his first meeting with Bell: "... one day I received a visit from a very distinguished looking gentleman with jet black hair and beard, who announced himself as Mr. A. Graham Bell. His charm of manner and conversation attracted me greatly....".</p><br>
<p>Tainter. p. 2</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the creation of the Bell Telephone Company, Bell took his bride, Mabel Hubbard, to Europe for an extended honeymoon. At that time he asked Tainter to move from Cambridge to Washington to start up the new laboratory. Bells cousin, Chichester Bell, who had been teaching college chemistry in London, also agreed to come to Washington as the third associate. The establishment of the laboratory was comparatively simple; according to Tainters autobiography:</p><br>
<p>Bell appeared to have spent little time in the Volta Laboratory. Tainters unpublished manuscript and notes (later donated to the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History) depict Bell as the person who suggested the basic lines of research, furnished the financial resources, and then allowed his associates to receive the credit for many of the inventions that resulted. The experimental machines built at the Volta Laboratory include both disc and cylinder types, with some of the disc type turntables rotating vertically about a horizontal axis, as well as a hand-powered, non-magnetic tape recorder. The records and tapes used with the machines were donated to the collections of the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Museum of Natural History, and were believed to be the oldest reproducible bona fide sound recordings preserved anywhere in the world. While some were scratched and cracked, others were still in good condition when they were received.</p><br>
<h3>Photophone</h3><br>
<p>The Photophone, also known as a radiophone, was invented jointly by Bell and his then-assistant Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, at Bells 1325 L&#39; Street laboratory in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Jones, Newell., San Diego Evening Tribune, July 31, 1937. Retrieved from the University of San Diego History Department website, November 26, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Bell believed the photophone was his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On April 1, 1880, and also described by plaque as occurring on June 3, Bells assistant transmitted the worlds first wireless telephone message to him on their newly invented form of telecommunication, the far advanced precursor to fiber-optic communications. The wireless call was sent from the Franklin School to the window of Bell&#39;s laboratory, some 213 meters away.</p><br>
<p>Of the eighteen patents granted in Bell&#39;s name alone, and the twelve he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photophone, which Bell referred to as his "greatest achievement", writing that the Photophone was "the greatest invention ever made, greater than the telephone".</p><br>
<p>Bell transferred the Photophone&#39;s rights to the National Bell Telephone Company in May 1880. The master patent for the Photophone ( Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone), was issued in December 1880, many decades before its principles could be applied to practical applications.</p><br>
<h3></h3><br>
<h4>Early challenge</h4><br>
<p>Bell and his two associates took Edison&#39;s tinfoil phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax.</p><br>
<p>They preserved some 20 pieces of experimental apparatus, including a number of complete machines, at the Smithsonian Institution. Their first experimental machine was sealed in a box and deposited in the Smithsonian&#39;s archives in 1881 in case of a later patent dispute. The others were delivered by Alexander Graham Bell to the National Museum in two lots in 1915 and 1922. Bell was elderly by that time, busy with his hydrofoil and aeronautical experiments in Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 the Museum received the key to the locked box of experimental "Graphophones, " as they were called to differentiate them from Edisons phonograph. In that year Mrs. Laura F. Tainter also donated to the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History ten bound notebooks, along with Tainter&#39;s unpublished autobiography. This material described in detail the strange creations and even stranger experiments at the laboratory which led to the greatly improved phonographs in 1886 that were to help found the recording and dictation machine industries.</p><br>
<p>Tainter, Charles Sumner. "The Talking Machine And Some Little Known Facts In Connection With Its Early Development", unpublished manuscript in the collections of the United States National Museum.</p><br>
<p>Thomas A. Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877. But the fame bestowed on Edison for this invention (sometimes called his most original) was not due to its quality. Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical, as the tinfoil tore easily, and even when the stylus was properly adjusted, its reproduction of sound was distorted and squeaky, and good for only a few playbacks; nevertheless Edison had discovered the secret of sound recording. However he did not work to improve its quality, likely because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the New York City electric light and power system.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Bell, a scientist and experimenter at heart, was looking for new worlds to conquer after his invention of the telephone. According to Sumner Tainter, it was due to Gardiner Green Hubbard that Bell took an interest in the emerging field of phonograph technology. Bell had married Hubbards daughter Mabel in 1879 while Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. Hubbard was also one of five stockholders in the Edison Speaking Phonograph, which had purchased the Edison patent for US$10,000 and dividends of 20% of the companys profits.</p><br>
<p>Library and Archives Canada., Library and Archives Canada website, Ottawa. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</p><br>
<p>But Hubbards phonograph company was quickly threatened with financial disaster because people wouldnt buy a machine which seldom worked and which was also difficult for the average person to operate.</p><br>
<p>By 1879 Hubbard was able to interest Bell in improving upon the phonograph, and it was agreed that a laboratory should be created in Washington, D.C. Experiments were also to be conducted in telephone and other telecommunication technologies such as the transmission of sound by light, which resulted in the selenium-celled Photophone. Both the Hubbards and the Bells decided to move to the nations capital, in part due to the numerous legal challenges to Bells master telephone patent of 1876. Washington was additionally becoming a center of scientific and institutional organizations, which also facilitated Bell&#39;s research work.</p><br>
<h4>Graphophone</h4><br>
<p>By 1881 the Volta Associates had succeeded in improving an Edison tinfoil phonograph significantly. They filled the groove of its heavy iron cylinder with wax, then instead of wrapping a sheet of foil around it and using a blunt stylus to indent the recording into the foil, as Edison did, they used a chisel-like stylus to engrave the recording into the wax. The result was a clearer recording. Rather than apply for a patent at that time, however, they sealed the machine into a metal box and deposited it at the Smithsonian, specifying that it was not to be opened without the consent of two of the three men. By 1937 Tainter was the only one of the Associates still living, and the box preserved at the Smithsonian was opened with his permission. For the occasion, descendants of Alexander Graham Bell gathered in Washington, but Tainter, who held a lifelong admiration of Bell, was too ill to attend and remained at home in San Diego.</p><br>
<p>A recording had been engraved into the wax-filled groove of the modified Edison machine. When it was played, a voice from the distant past spoke, reciting a quotation from Shakespeare&#39;s Hamlet: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy..." and also, whimsically: "I am a Graphophone and my mother was a Phonograph."</p><br>
<p>Believing the faint voice to be that of her father, Bell&#39;s daughter Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor remarked: "That is just the sort of thing father would have said. He was always quoting from the classics." The voice was later identified by Tainter as in fact that of her paternal grandfather, Alexander Melville Bell. The historic recording, not heard since 1937, was played again in 2013 and made available online.</p><br>
<p>The method of sound reproduction used on the machine was even more interesting than the quotation. Rather than a conventional stylus and diaphragm, a jet of high pressure air was used. Tainter had previously recorded, on July 7, 1881:</p><br>
<p>The associates also experimented with other stylus jets of molten metal, wax, and water.</p><br>
<p>Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables. The explanation is that in the early experiments the turntable with disc was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads. Later, when the complete models were built most of them featured vertical turntables.</p><br>
<p>One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable. Although made in 1886, the machine was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by Chichester Bell. Tainter was granted Patent No. 385886 for it on July 10, 1888. The playing arm is rigid except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to starting position. While recording or playing, the record not only rotated but moved laterally under the stylus which thus described a spiral, recording 150 grooves to the inch.</p><br>
<p>The preserved Bell and Tainter records are of both the lateral cut and the Edison hill-and-dale (up-and-down) styles. Edison for many years used the "hill-and-dale" method with both cylinder and disc records, and Emile Berliner is credited with the invention of the lateral cut Gramophone record in 1887. The Volta associates had been experimenting with both types as early as 1881, as is shown by the following quotation from Tainter:</p><br>
<p>The basic distinction between the Edisons first phonograph patent and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. Edisons method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin-foil while Bell and Tainter&#39;s invention called for cutting or "engraving" the sound waves into an ozokerite wax record with a sharp recording stylus. At each step of their inventive process the Associates also sought out the best type of materials available in order to produce the clearest and most audible sound reproduction.</p><br>
<p>The strength of the Bell and Tainter patent was noted in an excerpt from a letter written by Washington patent attorney S. T. Cameron, who was a member of the law firm conducting litigation for the American Graphophone Company. The letter dated December 8, 1914 was addressed to George C. Maynard, Curator of Mechanical Technology at the USA National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History):</p><br>
<p>Among the later improvements, the Graphophone used a cutting stylus to create lateral zig-zag grooves of uniform depth into the wax-coated cardboard cylinders rather than the up-and-down hill and dale grooves of Edison&#39;s then-contemporary phonograph machine designs.</p><br>
<p>Tainter, Charles Sumner., History Department of, University of San Diego. Retrieved from University of San Diego History Department website December 19, 2009</p><br>
<p>Bell and Tainter developed wax-coated cardboard cylinders for their record cylinders instead of Edison&#39;s cast iron cylinder which was covered with a removable film of tinfoil (the actual recording media) that was prone to damage during installation or removal. Tainter received a separate patent for a tube assembly machine to automatically produce the coiled cardboard tubes which served as the foundation for the wax cylinder records.</p><br>
<p>Besides being far easier to handle, the wax recording media also allowed for lengthier recordings and created superior playback quality.</p><br>
<p>Library and Archives Canada., Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada website. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Graphophone designs initially deployed foot treadles to rotate the recordings which were then replaced by more convenient wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms and which finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank that was used on Edisons phonograph. The numerous improvements allowed for a sound quality that was significantly better than Edisons machine.</p><br>
<h4>Magnetic sound recordings</h4><br>
<p>The other experimental Graphophones indicate an amazing range of experimentation. While the method of cutting a record on wax was the one later exploited commercially, everything else seems to have been tried at least once. The following was noted on Wednesday, March 20, 1881:</p><br>
<p>The result of these ideas for magnetic reproduction resulted in patent, granted on May 4, 1886; which dealt solely with "the reproduction, through the action of magnetism, of sounds by means of records in solid substances. "</p><br>
<h4>Tape recorder</h4><br>
<p>A non-magnetic, non-electric, hand-powered tape recorder was patented by two of the Volta associates in 1886. The tape was a 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) wide strip of paper coated by dipping it in a solution of beeswax and paraffin and then scraping one side clean before the coating had set. The machine, of sturdy wood and metal construction, was hand-powered by means of a knob fastened to a flywheel. The tape passed from one eight inch (20.3 cm) diameter reel and around a pulley with guide flanges, where it came into contact with either the recording or playback stylus. It was then wound onto a second reel. The sharp recording stylus, actuated by a sound-vibrated mica diaphragm, engraved a groove into the wax coating. In playback mode, a dull, loosely mounted stylus attached to a rubber diaphragm rode in the recorded groove. The reproduced sound was heard through rubber listening tubes like those of a stethoscope.</p><br>
<p>The position of the recording and reproducing heads, mounted alternately on the same two posts, could be adjusted so that several recordings could be cut on the same wax-coated strip. Although the machine was never developed commercially, it is interesting as a predecessor to the later magnetic tape recorder, which it resembles in general design. The tapes, when later examined at one of the Smithsonian Institutions depositories, had become brittle, the heavy paper reels had warped, and the machines playback head was missing. Otherwise, with some reconditioning the machine could be put back into working order.</p><br>
<p>Newville, Leslie J., United States National Museum Bulletin, United States National Museum and the Museum of History and Technology, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp. 69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.</p><br>
<h4>Commercialization of phonograph patents</h4><br>
<p>In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed patent applications and also began to seek out investors. They were granted Canadian and USA patents for the Graphophone in 1885 and 1886 respectively. The Graphophone was originally intended for business use as a dictation recording and playback machine. The Graphophone Company of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886 and formally incorporated on February 3, 1886 by another of Bells cousins. It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their numerous sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first dictation machine, the Dictaphone&#39;.</p><br>
<p>After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28, 1887, in order to produce the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. which itself later evolved into Columbia Records (co-founded CBS, and now part of the Sony media empire).</p><br>
<p>The American Graphophone Company was founded by a group of investors mainly from the Washington D.C. area, including Edward Easton, a lawyer and Supreme Court reporter, who later assumed the presidency of the Columbia Graphophone Company. The Howe Machine Factory (for sewing machines) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, became American Graphophone&#39;s first manufacturing plant. Tainter resided there for several months to supervise manufacturing before becoming seriously ill, but later went on to continue his inventive work for many years, as health permitted. The small Bridgeport plant which in its early times was able to produce three or four machines daily later became, as a successor firm, the Dictaphone Corporation.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after American Graphophones creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million (approximately $ in todays dollars), of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. Not long later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company, and then created the North American Phonograph Company to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit&#39;s mechanical problems and also to resistance from stenographers. This would postpone the popularity of the Graphophone until 1889 when Louis Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company would popularize it again through the promotion of nickel-in-the-slot "entertainment" cylinders.</p><br>
<p>The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of dictating machines in business, because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable. But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Thomas Edison and the further improvements of Emile Berliner, and many others, before the recording industry became a major factor in home entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, the Volta Associates effectively sold their sound-recording-related patents to the newly created American Graphophone Company through a share exchange with the Volta Graphophone Company. Bell used the considerable profits from the sale of his Graphophone shares to found the Volta Bureau as an instrument "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf", and also to fund his other philanthropic works on deafness. His scientific and statistical research work on deafness became so extensive that within a few years his documentation had engulfed an entire room of the Volta Laboratory in his fathers backyard carriage house. Due to the limited space available there, and with the assistance of his father who contributed US$15,000 (approximately $ in todays dollars), Bell had the new Volta Bureau building constructed nearby in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Under Superintendent John Hitzs direction, the Volta Bureau became one of the worlds premiere centers for research on deafness and pedagogy for the deaf. Bell&#39;s Volta Bureau worked in close cooperation with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD), which was organized in 1890, and which elected Bell its president. The AAPTSD was renamed as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The historical record of the Volta Laboratory was greatly improved in 1947 when Laura F. Tainter, the widow of associate Sumner Tainter, donated ten surviving volumes (out of 13) of Tainters Home Notes to the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History – Volumes 9, 10 and 13 having been destroyed in a fire in September 1897. The daily agenda books described in detail the project work conducted at the laboratory during the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>National Museum of American History., National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from the Smithsonian&#39;s HistoryWired.si.edu website, 17 December 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 Laura Tainter donated other historical items, including Sumner Tainter&#39;s typed manuscript "Memoirs of Charles Sumner Tainter", the first 71 pages of which detailed his experiences up to 1887, plus further writings on his work at the Graphophone factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Bell's voice</h3><br>
<p>Alexander Graham Bell died in 1922, and until recently no recordings of his voice were known to survive. On April 23, 2013, the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History, which houses a collection of Volta Laboratory materials, announced that one of its fragile Volta experimental sound recordings, a deteriorated wax-on-cardboard disc that can now be played safely by an optical scanning technology, had preserved the inventors Scottish-tinged voice. Museum staff working with scientists at the USA Department of Energy&#39;s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory had also revived the voice of his father, Alexander Melville Bell, from an 1881 recording in the wax-filled groove of a modified Edison tinfoil cylinder phonograph.</p><br>
<p>Both Bells evidently assisted in testing some of the Volta Laboratory&#39;s experimental recorders, several of which used discs instead of cylinders. The 4 minute, 35 second test recording on the disc, mostly a recitation of numbers, is dated April 15, 1885 by an inscription in the wax and an announcement in the recording itself. It concludes with an emphatic spoken signature: "Hear my voice.... Alexander.. Graham.. Bell."</p><br>
<p>After hearing the recording, Bell biographer, Charlotte Gray described it, saying:</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau is located at 3417 Volta Place NW, or alternatively at 1537 35th St. NW, in the Georgetown district of Washington, D.C. near Georgetown University and across the street from Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, and close to the Foggy Bottom Metro subway stop.</p><br>
<h2>Laboratory patents</h2><br>
<p>Patents which resulted or flowed from the Volta Laboratory Association:</p><br>
<p>Mount Storm King is located within the Olympic National Park about 20 miles west of Port Angeles, Washington. The mountain is located on the south side of Lake Crescent near Barnes Point, and has an elevation of 4,500 ft.</p><br>
<p>The trail to the summit starts near the Storm King Ranger Station, and initially follows the trail to Marymere Falls but branches to the north after a short distance. The first 1.9 mi is on maintained trail but the rest of the climb involves scrambling on loose rock with some exposure.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>Klallum tribe legend tells an origin story of Mount Storm King being angered by fighting tribes at his feet and broke a boulder from his peak, throwing it at the warriors, killing them and cutting Tsulh-mut in two creating Lake Crescent and Lake Sutherland.</p><br>
<p>The Thompson and Powell Martyrs Monument is a place on the National Register of Historic Places in St. Joseph, Kentucky, one of only three locations of the NRHP in Daviess County, Kentucky that is not in Owensboro, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>It honors two Confederate soldiers who were killed in accordance with the standing order of the Union general in command of Kentucky, Stephen G. Burbridge, known as Order No. 59, which called for the execution of four Confederate prisoners for every unarmed Union civilian killed. The two men honored on the monument were Charles W. Thompson (aged 18) and Pierman Powell (aged 25), who were executed in retaliation for the wounding of a prominent resident of Henderson, Kentucky, James E. Rankin, who later died.</p><br>
<p>The two men were killed on July 22, 1864. They were originally held in Daviess County, but were taken to Henderson by Federal troops to be killed.</p><br>
<p>Confederate Colonel Lee A. Sypert of the 16th Kentucky Cavalry (unofficially called the 13th Cavalry) tried to rescue the two men on July 21, using a bluff to draw away Union forces. However, the defenders held on until Union gunboats arrived, forcing Sypert to withdraw. The two Confederate prisoners were killed by firing squad on the banks of the Ohio River in Henderson, immediately after which the Union gunboats left the city, along with all the Union soldiers in the city.</p><br>
<p>Fearing retaliation, many of the Union-sympathizing citizens of Henderson fled the city, even though Sypert sent a proclamation to the city, stating:</p><br>
<p>...They are gone, and their murder is another crime added to the damnable catalogue of the despotism that rules you. We are Confederate soldiers. We fight for the liberty our sires bequeathed us. We have not made, nor will we make war upon citizens and women. Let not your people be excited by any further apprehension that we will disturb the peace of your community by the arrest of Union men, or of any interference with them unless they place themselves in the attitude of combatants. Such conduct would be cowardly, and we scorn it.</p><br>
<p>Like most monuments dedicated in the memory of the Confederacy, the letters CSA are at the bottom of the monument. However, due to the placement of the lettering on the monument, it is possible to misconstrue that Burbridge was a Confederate general, not a Union one. Burbridge spent years trying unsuccessfully to have those letters removed, as it angered him to have those letters after his name.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 1997, the Thompson and Powell Martyrs Monument was one of sixty-one different monuments related to the Civil War in Kentucky placed on the National Register of Historic Places, as part of the Civil War Monuments of Kentucky Multiple Property Submission. The Confederate Monument in Owensboro is the only other monument on the list in Daviess County. Other monuments to victims of Burbridge so honored are Confederate Martyrs Monument in Jeffersontown, Confederate Soldiers Martyrs Monument in Eminence, and Martyrs Monument in Midway.</p><br>
<p>The Phillip Walker House  is an historic American Colonial house on 432 Massasoit Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island. It is the oldest house in East Providence.</p><br>
<p>Although originally thought to have been constructed in 1679, the current house was likely built around 1724 on the foundation of an earlier house. It is the oldest sawn timber-frame house in Rhode Island. The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It has been owned by Preserve Rhode Island (PRI) since 1982 and used as a study house for historic preservation students and professionals. It is currently being rehabilitated with structural repairs, new utilities and a new kitchen and bathroom for residential occupancy by PRI&#39;s Property Manager.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Falls Mill is an historic textile mill complex on Broad Street in Central Falls, Rhode Island. The complex consists of the primary mill building, a large Italianate brick four-story building erected in 1849, several outbuildings. a dam across the Blackstone River, and a portion of the original canal system which provided water power to the mill. The outbuildings include the gatehouse controlling waterflow into the canals, a small stuccoed office building now serving as a retail establishment, and a brick bath house built c. 1870 that stands just south of the mill race. The complex originally had a second mill building and power canal; that building was destroyed by fire, and its canal was filled in. The main mill building was developed as housing in the late 1970s, including a sympathetic replacement for the second mill building.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Tower House is an historic house at 2199 Mendon Road in Cumberland, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Built c. 1825, it is a Federal style house that is two-and-one-half-stories with a flank gable roof and an L-plan. The house is set into a small hill and has a one-and-one half-story, gabled ell at the rear. An original, two-story, hip-roof veranda extends across the front; its second story level continues along the side and ell. The veranda roof slope is integral with those of the main house and ell. There is a central entrance on each story in the five-bay facade beneath the veranda; the second-story entrance has sidelights and decorative trim. The house was probably standing when Lewis Tower purchased a 19-acre farmstead here from Philip Thomas in 1833.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Tower-Flagg Barn Complex is  a historic site in Cumberland, Rhode Island at 100 Abbott Run Valley Road. Its most significant feature was a barn complex whose oldest section was an English barn that was probably constructed in the second half of the 18th century. If so, it would have been built by Benjamin Tower, whose family owned the land from the late 17th century into the early 19th century. In 1895 the property was acquired by Charles Flagg, notable in Rhode Island as influential in the founding of what is now the University of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. C. 2013, the property had been cleared of old buildings and a new residential subdivision was built on the land.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph&#39;s Church Complex is an historic Roman Catholic church complex at 1303 Mendon Road in Cumberland, Rhode Island within the Diocese of Providence. It includes a Gothic Revival style church along with two late 19th-century, clapboard-sheathed, wood-frame structures on the east side of Mendon Road.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The handsome, asymmetrical, twin-spired Gothic Revival St. Joseph’s Church was designed around 1888-1890 by architect F.E. Page. The building has a tall, end-gable-roof, rectangular mass with a polygonal, hip-roof apse at the northeast end. One-story, shed-roof side aisles continue around the apse as an ambulatory to connect to a projecting, rectangular chapel. The three-story, shorter corner tower has paired lancet windows, battlemented string courses, louver-filled Gothic arches, and is topped by a broach spire. The four-story tower has large, traceried Gothic windows, drip molds, and is surmounted by an octagonal belfry and spire.</p><br>
<p>St. Joseph’s Rectory (c. 1872) is two to three stories in height with a modified cruciform plan. It is a well-preserved example of bracketed style domestic architecture, with a wrap-around veranda and applied ornament of carved brackets and jigsaw work. The interior has been modified.</p><br>
<p>The relatively plain parish hall (c. 1872) has been removed and a modern structure has been built at the rear of the property.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. Joseph’s Parish, established in 1872 in an earlier church constructed on the present site, was, at that time, the only Roman Catholic church between Valley Falls and Woonsocket. It served an extensive parish centered on the Irish, and later French Canadian and Italian, mill labourers of nearby Ashton Historic District and Berkeley, as an important religious and social center. By 1888, the parish’s growth necessitated construction of a new church, which replaced the original, although the rectory and parish hall were retained. According to the State Survey put out by the Rhode Island Historical Preservation and Heritage Commission in 1998, the present church is one of the finest wooden Late Victorian religious edifices in Rhode Island. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 and underwent an extensive and sensitive restoration in 1995.</p><br>
<p>St. Andrew&#39;s Episcopal Chapel is an historic Episcopal church located at 576 Fairmont Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The late-Victorian style church was designed by George W. Spaulding in 1894 as "a mission chapel by St. James Episcopal Parish of Woonsocket in 1894 to serve the new and growing working-class Fairmount neighborhood. Many of the building components were donated by area residents and corporations. The lot was a gift of the Fairmount Land Company; architect and St. James parishioner George Spaulding donated the plans and building specifications; the Granite Pressed Brick Company, also of Woonsocket, donated the distinctive pressed concrete brick; Edgar H. Slocum provided painting services free of charge; Hark Hough provided the bell and in 1897, the Gilbert & Butler Company of Boston gave the pipe organ." The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as part of the South Main Street Historic District of Woonsocket.</p><br>
<p>The Episcopal congregation sold the structure prior to 1981 and it has since passed to a number of other congregations. As of 2008 was used as a holistic counseling center.</p><br>
<p>As of 2013 it has become a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Squantum Association is a private club in East Providence, Rhode Island on 947 Veterans Memorial Parkway. Its Colonial Revival building was constructed in 1870 by Martin & Hall and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Squantum is a Native American word for "heap of rocks," a musical name for a handsome peninsula where Indians enjoyed the fruits of the bay. By the mid-1800s, clipper ships gathered here and word spread of its uniqueness and beauty. In 1870, two groups of local men purchased Squantum Point to serve as a gathering spot to perfect their clambake.</p><br>
<p>The first clubhouse, built in June 1871, was a simple open-framed pavilion. In 1872 the Squantum Association was incorporated and permanent clubhouses were erected with the richness of detail that characterized fine period architecture.</p><br>
<p>The Main Club House, built in 1872 overlooking the entrance to the cove, features ornate woodwork, polished brass, luxuriant drapery, an artisan stone foundation and a sunroom with southerly views of the bay. The Bakehouse was built out over the rocky coastline in 1889, and provides views of the Providence River and Narragansett Bay.</p><br>
<p>The membership of the Squantum Association has been traditionally drawn from leading citizens of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The Governor William Sprague Mansion is an historic mansion and museum at 1351 Cranston Street in Cranston, Rhode Island. The house was the birthplace of Governor William Sprague III and his nephew, Governor William Sprague IV.</p><br>
<h2>The Sprague family</h2><br>
<p>Three generations of the Sprague family lived in the house. The Spragues were founders of the Sprague Print Works in 1808, which later became the Cranston Print Works, which is the only continuously operating textile printing company in America. At the time of the Civil War, the A. & W. Sprague Company was the richest textile company in the United States, and William Sprague IV was the Governor of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>The house</h2><br>
<p>The house was built around 1790. It was expanded significantly in 1864 by Col. Amasa Sprague. He added a wide hall and wide, winding staircase, for the purpose of entertaining his social contacts from financial, political, and social circles.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. Currently the house is owned and operated by The Cranston Historical Society, a private, non-profit educational and historic preservation organization.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War cannons</h2><br>
<p>The Cranston Historical Society and Rhode Island National Guard underwent a years-long dispute about ownership of two cannons used by Governor William Sprague IV&#39;s regiment during the Civil War. The national guard claimed that ownership of artillery pieces returned to the federal government after the war; the historical society maintained that Sprague had purchased them outright, and were his personal property.</p><br>
<p>The cannons, manufactured in the 1840s, were used by Spragues regiment during the Civil War. They were displayed at Cranstons Rolfe Square from 1924 to 1991, and removed because the wooden carriages were beginning to rot from exposure to the weather. The cannons were placed in the Sprague Mansion carriage house from 2005 to April 2017 when they were removed for restoration. In 2017, the sides agreed to return the cannons to the Sprague Mansion carriage house, while still leaving the question of ownership unsettled. Cranston mayor Allan Fung attended the ceremony to unveil the restored cannons on October 31, 2017.</p><br>
